Stephen Charnock Project

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PSALM xiv. 1.—The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good.

PRACTICAL atheism is natural to man in his depraved state, and very frequent in the hearts and lives of men.

The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. He regards him as little as if he had no being. He said in his heart, not with his tongue, nor in his head : he never firmly thought it, nor openly asserted it. Shame put a bar to the first, and natural reason to the second ; yet, perhaps, he had sometimes some doubts whether there were a God or no. He wished there were not any, and sometimes hoped there were none at all. He could not raze out the notion of a Deity in his mind, but he neglected the fixing the sense of God in his heart, and made it too much his business to deface and blot out those characters of God in his soul, which had been left under the ruins of original nature. Men may have atheistical hearts without atheistical heads. Their reasons may defend the notion of a Deity, while their hearts are empty of affection to the Deity. Job’s children may curse God in their hearts, though not with their lips.^u

There is no God. Most understand it of a denial of the providence of God, as I have said in opening the former doctrine. He denies some essential attribute of God, or the exercise of that attribute in the world.^x He that denies any essential attribute, may be said to deny the being of God. Whosoever denies angels or men to have reason and will, denies the human and angelical nature, because understanding and will are essential to both those natures ; there could neither be angel nor man without them. No nature can subsist with–out the perfections essential to that nature, nor God be conceived of without his. The apostle tells us (Eph. ii. 12), that the Gentiles were " without God in the world." So, in some sense, all unbelievers may be termed atheists ; for rejecting the Mediator appointed by (God, they reject that God who appointed him. But this is beyond the in–tended scope, natural atheism being the only subject; yet this is de–ducible from it. That the title of âθεοι doth not only belong to those who deny the existence of God, or to those who contemn all sense of a Deity, and would root the conscience and reverence of God out of their souls ; but it belongs also to those who give not that worship to God which is due to him, who worship many gods, or who worship one God in a false and superstitious manner, when they have not right conceptions of God, nor intend an adoration of him according to the excellency of his nature. All those that are unconcerned for any particular religion fall under this character : though they own a God in general, yet are willing to acknowledge any God that shall be coined by the powers under whom they live. The Gentiles were without God in the world ; without the true notion of God, not with–out a God of their own framing. This general or practical atheism is natural to men.

1. Not natural by created, but by corrupted nature. It is against nature, as nature carne out of the hand of God; but universally natural, as nature bath been sophisticated and infected by the ser–pent’s breath. Inconsideration of God, or misrepresentation of his nature, are as agreeable to corrupt nature, as the disowning the being of a God is contrary to common reason. God is not denied, natura, sed vitiis.^y

2. It is universally natural: " The wicked are estranged from the womb (Psalm lviii. 3). They go astray as soon as they be born : their poison is like the poison of a serpent." The wicked, (and who by his birth hath a better title?) they go astray from the dictates of God and the rule of their creation as soon as ever they be born. Their poison is like the poison of a serpent, which is radically the same in all of the same species. It is seminally and fundamentally in all men, though there may be a stronger restraint by a divine hand upon some men than upon others. This principle runs through the whole stream of nature. The natural bent of every man’s heart is distant from God. When we attempt anything pleasing to God, it is like the climbing up a hill, against nature ; when anything is dis–pleasing to him, it is like a current running down the channel in its natural course ; when we attempt anything that is an acknowledg–ment of the holiness of God, we are fain to rush, with arms in our hands, through a multitude of natural passions, and fight the way through the oppositions of our own sensitive appetite. How softly do we naturally sink down into that which sets us at a greater dis–tance from God 1 There is no active, potent, efficacious sense of a God by nature. " The heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil" (Ecel. viii. 11). The heart, in the singular number, as if there were but one common heart beat in all mankind, and bent, as with one pulse, with a joint consent and force to wickedness, with–out a sense of the authority of God in the earth, as if one heart acted every man in the world. The great apostle cites the text to verify the charge he brought against all mankind.^z In his interpretation, the Jews, who owned one God, and were dignified with special priv–ileges, as well as the Gentiles that maintained many gods, are within the compass of this character. The apostle leaves out the first part of the text, " The fool hath said in his heart," but takes in the latter part, and the verses following. He charges all, because all, every man of them, was under sin-" There is none that seeks God;" and, ver. 19, he adds, "What the law saith, it speaks to those that are under the law," that none should imagine he included only the Gentiles, and exempted the Jews from this description. The leprosy of atheism had infected the whole mass of human nature. No man, among Jews or Gentiles, did naturally seek God; and, therefore, all were void of any spark of the practical sense of the Deity. The effects of this atheism are not in all externally of an equal size ; yet, in the fundamentals and radicals of it, there is not a hair’s differ–ence between the best and the worst men that ever traversed the world. The distinction is laid either in common grace, bounding and suppressing it; or in special grace, killing and crucifying it. It is in every one either triumphant or militant, reigning or deposed. No man is any more born with sensible acknowledgments of God, than he is born with a clear knowledge of the nature of all the stars in the heavens, or plants upon the earth. None seeks after God.^a– None seek God as his rule, as his end, as his happiness, which is a debt the creature naturally owes to God. Tie desires no communion with God ; he places his happiness in anything inferior to God; he prefers everything before him, glorifies everything above him ; he hath no delight to know him; he regards not those paths which lead to him; he loves his own filth better than God’s holiness; his actions are tinctured and dyed with self, and are void of that respect which is due from him to God.

The noblest faculty of man, his understanding, wherein the re–maining lineaments of the image of God are visible ; the highest operation of that faculty, which is wisdom, is, in the judgment of the Spirit of God, devilish, whilst it is earthly and sensual;^b and the wisdom of the best man is no better by nature ; a legion of impure spirits possess it; devilish, as the devil, who, though he believe there is a God, yet acts as if there were none, and wishes he had no supe–rior to prescribe him a law, and inflict that punishment upon him which his crimes have merited. Hence the poison of man by nature is said to be like the poison of a serpent,^c alluding to that serpentine temptation which first infected mankind, and changed the nature of man into the likeness of that of the devil ; so that, notwithstanding the harmony of the world, that presents men not only with the notice of the being of a God, but darts into their minds some remarks of his power and eternity ; yet the thoughts and reasonings of man are so corrupt, as may well be called diabolical, and as contrary to the perfection of God, and the original law of their nature, as the actings of the devil are ; for since every natural man is a child of the devil, and is acted by the diabolical spirit, he must needs have that nature which his father hath, and the infusion of that venom which the spirit that acts him is possessed with, though the full discovery of it may be restrained by various circumstances (Eph. ii. 2). To conclude : though no man, or at least very few, arrive to a round and positive conclusion in their hearts that there is no God, yet there is no man that naturally hath in his heart any reverence of God. In general, before I come to a particular proof, take some proposi–tions.

Prop. I. Actions are a greater discovery of a principle than words. The testimony of works is louder and clearer than that of words ; and the frame of men’s hearts must be measured rather by what they do than by what they say. There may be a mighty distance be–tween the tongue and the heart, but a course of actions is as little guilty of lying as interest is, according to our common saying. All outward impieties are the branches of an atheism at the root of our nature, as all pestilential sores are expressions of the contagion in the blood ; sin is therefore frequently called ungodliness in our English dialect. Men’s practices are the best indexes of their prin–ciples : the current of a man’s life is the counterpart of the frame of his heart. Who can deny an error in the spring or wheels, when he perceives an error in the hand of the dial? Who can deny an atheism in the heart, when so much is visible in the life ? The taste of the water discovers what mineral it is strained through. A practical denial of God is worse than a verbal, because deeds have usually more of deliberation than words ; words may be the fruit of a pas–sion, but a set of evil actions are the fruit and evidence of a predomi–nant evil principle in the heart. All slighting words of a prince do not argue an habitual treason ; but a succession of overt treasonable attempts signify a settled treasonable disposition in the mind. Those, therefore, are more deservedly termed atheists, who acknowledge a God, and walk as if there were none, than those (if there can be any such) that deny a God, and walk as if there were one. A sense of God in the heart would burst out in the life; where there is no rever–ence of God in the life, it is easily concluded there is less in the heart. What doth not influence a man when it hath the addition of the eyes, and censures of outward spectators, and the care of a repu–tation (so much the god of the world) to strengthen it and restrain the action, must certainly have less power over the heart when it is single, without any other concurrence. The flames breaking out of a house discover the fire to be much stronger and fiercer within. The apostle judgeth those of the circumcision, who gave heed to Jewish fables, to be deniers of God, though he doth not tax them with any notorious profaneness :(Tit. i. 16), " They profess that they know God, but in works they deny him." He gives them epithets contrary to what they arrogated to themselves.^d They boasted themselves to be holy ; the apostle calls them abominable : they bragged that they fulfilled the law, and observed the traditions of their fathers ; the apostle calls them disobedient, or unpersuadable : they boasted that they only had the rule of righteousness, and a sound judgment concerning it ; the apostle said they had a rep–robate sense, and unfit for any good work ; and judges against all their vain-glorious brags, that they had not a reverence of God in their hearts; there was more of the denial of God in their works than there was acknowledgment of God in their words. Those that have neither God in their thoughts, nor in their tongues, nor in their works, cannot properly be said to acknowledge him. AV, here the honor of God is not practically owned in the lives of men, the being of God is not sensibly acknowledged in the hearts of men. The principle must be of the same kind with the actions; if the actions be atheistical, the principle of them can be no better.

Prop. II. All sin is founded in a secret atheism. Atheism is the spirit of every sin; -all the floods of impieties in the world break in at the gate of a secret atheism, and though several sins may disagree with one another, yet, like Herod and Pilate against Christ, they join hand in hand against the interest of God. Though lusts and pleasures be diverse, yet they are all united in disobedience to him.^e All the wicked inclinations in the heart, and struggling motions, secret repinings, self-applauding confidences in our own wisdom, strength, &c., envy, ambition, revenge, are sparks from this latent fire ; the language of every one of these is, I would be a Lord to myself, and would not have a God superior to me. The variety of sins against the first and second table, the neglects of God, and vio–lences against man, are derived from this in the text ; first, " The fool bath said in his heart," and then follows a legion of devils. As all virtuous actions spring from an acknowledgment of God, so all vicious actions rise from a lurking denial of him : all licentiousness goes glib down where ther~ is no sense of God. Abraham judged himself not secure from murder, nor his wife from defilement in Gerar, if there were no fear of God there.^f He that makes no con–science of sin has no regard to the honor, and, consequently, none to the being of God. "By the fear of God men depart from evil" (Prov. xvi. 6) ; by the non-regarding of God men rush into evil. Pharaoh oppressed Israel because he" knew not the Lord." If he did not deny the being of a Deity, yet lie had such an unworthy notion of God as was inconsistent with the nature of a Deity ; he, a poor creature, thought himself a mate for the Creator. In sins of omission we own not God, in neglecting to perform what he enjoins; in sins of commission we set up some lust in the place of God, and pay to that the homage which is due to our Maker. In both we dis–own him ; in the one by not doing what he commands, in the other by doing what he forbids. We deny his sovereignty when we vio–late his laws ; we disgrace his holiness when we cast our filth before his face ; we disparage his wisdom when we set up another rule as the guide of our actions than that law he bath fixed; we slight his sufficiency when we prefer a satisfaction in sin before a happiness in him alone ; and his goodness, when we judge it not strong enough to attract us to him. Every sin invades the rights of God, and strips him of one or other of his perfections. It is such a vilifying of God as if he were not God; as if he were not the supreme Creator and Benefactor of the world ; as if we had not our being from him ; as if the air we breathed in, the food we lived by, were our own by right of supremacy, not of donation. For a subject to slight his sovereign, is to slight his royalty ; or a servant his master, is to deny his superiority.

Prop. III. Sin implies that God is unworthy of a being. Every sin is a kind of cursing God in the heart ;^g an aim at the destruction of the being of God ; not actually, but virtually ; not in the intention of every sinner, but in the nature of every sin. That affection which excites a man to break His law, would excite him to annihilate his being if it were in his power. A man in every sin aims to set up his own will as his rule, and his own glory as the end of his actions against the will and glory of God ; and could a sinner attain his end, God would be destroyed. God cannot outlive his will and his glory; God cannot have another rule but his own will, nor another end but his own honor. Sin is called a turning the back upon God,^h a kick–ing against him,ⁱ as if he were a slighter person than the meanest beggar. What greater contempt can be shown to the meanest, vilest person, than to turn the back, lift up the heel, and thrust away with indignation? all which actions, though they signify that such a one hath a being, yet they testify also that he is unworthy of a being, that he is an unuseful being in the world, and that it were well the world were rid of him. All sin against knowledge is called a reproach of God.^k Reproach is a vilifying a man as unworthy to be admitted into company. \Vc naturally judge God unfit to be conversed with. God is the term turned frorn by a sinner; sin is the term turned to, which implies a greater excellency in the nature of sin than in the nature of God; and as we naturally judge it more worthy to have a being in our affections, so consequently more worthy to have a being in the world, than that infinite nature from whom we derive our beings and our all, and upon whom, with a kind of disdain, we turn our backs. Whosoever thinks the notion of a Deity unfit to be cherished in his mind by warm meditation, implies that he cares not whether lie hath a being in the world or no. Now though the light of a Deity shines so clearly in man, and the stings of conscience are so smart, that he cannot absolutely deny the being of a God, yet most men endeavor to smother this knowledge, and make the notion of a God a sapless and useless thing (Rom. i. 28): " They like not to retain God in their knowledge." It is said, "Cain went out from the presence of the Lord" (Gen. iv. 16); that is, from the worship of God. Our refusing or abhorring the presence of a man implies a careless–ness whether he continue in the world or no; it is a using him as if be had no being, or as if we were not concerned in it. Hence all men in Adam, under the emblem of the prodigal, are said to go into a far country ; not in respect of place, because of God’s omnipresence, but in respect of acknowledgment and affection : they mind and love anything but God. And the descriptions of the nations of the world, 1,y ing in the ruins of Adam’s fall, and the dregs of that revolt, is that they know not God. They forget God, as if there were no such being above them; and, indeed, he that doth the works of the devil, owns the devil to be more worthy of observance, and, consequently, of a being, than God, whose nature he forgets, and whose presence he abhors.

Prop. IV. Every sin in its own nature would render God a foolish and impure being. Many transgressors esteem their acts, which are contrary to the law of God, both wise and good : if so, the law against which they are committed, must be both foolish and impure. What a reflection is there, then, upon the Lawgiver ! The moral law is not properly a mere act of God’s will considered in itself, or a tyran–nical edict, like those of whom it may well be said, stat pro ratione voluntas: but it commands those things which are good in their own nature, and prohibits those things which are in their own nature evil ; and therefore is an act of his wisdom and righteousness ; the result of his wise counsel, and an extract of his pure nature ; as all the laws of just lawgivers, are not only the acts of their will, but of a will governed by reason and justice, and for the good of the public, whereof they are conservators. If the moral commands of God were only acts of his will, and had not an intrinsic necessity, reason and goodness, God might have commanded the quite contrary, and made a contrary law, whereby that which we now call vice, might have been canonized for virtue : He might then have forbid any worship of him, love to him, fear of his name : He might then have com–manded murders, thefts, adulteries. In the first he would have untied the link of duty from the creature, and dissolved the obliga–tions of creatures to him, which is Impossible to be conceived ; for from the relation of a creature to God, obligations to God, and duties upon those obligations, do necessarily result. It had been against the rule of goodness and justice to have commanded the creature not to love him, and fear and obey hirn : this had been a command against righteousness, goodness, and intrinsic obligations to gratitude. And should murder, adulteries, rapines have been commanded instead of the contrary, God would have destroyed his own crcation ; he would have acted against the rule of goodness and order; he had been an unjust tyrannical governor of the world: public society would have been cracked in pieces, and the world become a sham–bles, a brothel-house, a place below the common sentiments of a mere man. All sin, therefore, being against the law of God, the wisdom and holy rectitude of God’s nature is denied in every act of disobe–dience. And what is the consequence of this, but that God is both foolish and unrighteous in commanding that, which was neither an act of wisdom, as a governor, nor an act of goodness, as a benefactor to his creature? As was said before, presumptuous sins are called reproaches of God (Numb. xv. 30): " The soul that doth aught pre–sumptuously reproacheth the Lord." Reproaches of men are either for natural, moral, or intellectual defects. All reproaches of God must imply a charge, either of unrighteousness or rgnorance : if of unrighteousness, it is a denial of his holiness ; if of ignorance, it is a blemishing his wisdom. If God’s laws were not wise and holy, God would not enjoin them : and if they are so, we deny infinite wisdom and holiness in God by not complying with them. As when a man believes not God when he promises, he makes him a liar (1 John v. 10) ; so he that obeys not a wise and holy God commanding, makes him guilty either of folly or unrighteousness. Now, suppose you knew an absolute atheist who denied the being of a God, yet had a life free from any notorious spot or defilement ; would you in reason count him so bad as the other that owns a God in being, yet lays, by his course of action, such a black imputation of folly and impu–nty upon the God he professeth to own-an imputation which renders any man a most despicable creature?

Prop. V. Sin in its own nature endeavors to render God the most miserable being. It is nothing but an opposition to the will of God: the will of no creature is so much contradicted as the will of God is by devils and men ; and there is ncthing under the heavens that the affections of human nature stand more point blank against, than against God. There is a slight of him in all the faculties of man ; our souls are as unwilling to know him, as our wills are averse to follow him (Rom. viii. 7): " The carnal mind is enmity against God, it is not subject to the law of God, nor can be subject." It is true, God’s will cannot be hindered of its effect, for then God would not be supremely blessed, but unhappy and miserable : all misery ariseth from a want of that which a nature would have, and ought to have : besides, if anything could frustrate God’s will, it would be superior to him : God would not be omnipotent, and so would lose the per–fection of the Deity, and consequently the Deity itself ; for that which did wholly defeat God’s will, would be more powerful than he. But sin is a contradiction to the will of God’s revelation, to the will of his precept : and therein doth naturally tend to a superiority over God, and would usurp his omnipotence, and deprive him of his blessed–ness. For if God had not an infinite power to turn the designs of it to his own glory, but the will of sin could prevail, God would be totally deprived of his blessedness. Doth not sin endeavor to subject God to the extravagant and contrary wills of men, and make him more a slave than any creature can be ? For the will of no creature, not the meanest and most despicable creature, is so much crossed, as the will of God is by sin (Isa. xliii. 24): " Thou bast made me to serve with thy sins:" thou bast endeavored to make a mere slave of me by sin. Sin endeavors to subject the blessed God to the humor and lust of every person in the world.

Prop. VI. Men sometimes in some circumstances do wish the not being of God. This some think to be the meaning of the text, " The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God," that is, he wishes there were no God. Many tamper with their own hearts to bring them to a persuasion that there is no God : and when they cannot do that, they conjure up wishes that there were none. Men naturally have some con–science of sin, and some notices of justice (Rom. i. 32): "They know the judgment of God," and they know the demerit of sin; " they know the judgment of God, and that they which do such things are worthy of death." What is the consequent of this but fear of punishment ; and what is the issue of that fear, but a wishing the Judge either unwilling or unable to vindicate the honor of his violated law? When God is the object of such a wish, it is-a virtual undeifying of him : not to be able to punish, is to be impotent ; not to be willing to punish, is to be un–just : imperfections inconsistent with the Deity. God cannot be sup–posed without an infinite power to act, and an infinite righteousness as the rule of acting. Fear of God is natural to all men ; not a fear of offending him, but a fear of being punished by him : the wishing the egtinction of God has its degree in men, according to the degree of their fears of his just vengeance : and though such a wish be not in its meridian but in the damned in hell, yet it hath its starts and motions in affrighted and awakened consciences on the earth : under this rank of wishers, that there were no God, or that God were destroyed, do fall.

1. Terrified consciences, that are Magor-missabib, see nothing but matter of fear round about. As they have lived without the bounds of the law, they are afraid to fall under the stroke of his justice : fear wishes the destruction of that which it apprehends hurtful: it considers him as a God to whom vengeance belongs, as the Judge of all the earth.^l The less hopes such an one hath of his pardon, the more joy he would have to hear that his judge should be stripped of his life : he would entertain with delight any reasons that might support him in the conceit that there were no God: in his present state such a doctrine would be his security from an account : he would as much rejoice if there were no God to inflame an hell for him, as any guilty malefactor would if there were no judge to order a gibbet for him. Shame may bridle men’s words, but the heart will be casting about for some arguments this way, to secure itself: such as are at any time in Spira’s case, would be willing to cease to be creatures, that God might cease to be Judge. " The fool hath said in his heart, there is no Elohim, no Judge;" fancying God without any exercise of his judicial authority. And there is not any wicked man under anguish of spirit, but, were it within the reach of his power, would take away the life of God, and rid himself of his fears by destroying his Avenger.

2. Debauched persons are not without such wishes sometimes : an obstinate servant wishes his master’s death, from whom he expects correction for his debaucheries. As man stands in his corrupt nature, it is impossible but one time or other most debauched persons at least have some kind of velleities, or imperfect wishes. It is as nat–ural to men to abhor those things which are unsuitable and trouble–some, as it is to please themselves in things agreeable to their minds and humors; and since man is so deeply in love with sin, as to count it the most estimable good, he cannot but wish the abolition of that law which checks it, and, consequently, the change of the Lawgiver which enacted it ; and in wishing a change in the holy nature of God, he wishes a destruction of God, who could not be God if he ceased to be immutably holy. They do as certainly wish that God had not a holy will to command them, as despairing souls wish that God had not a righteous will to punish them, and to wish conscience extinct for the molestations they receive from it, is to wish the power con–science represents out of the world also. Since the state of sinners is a state of distance from God, and the language of sinners to God is, " Depart from us; "^m they desire as little the continuance of his being, as they desire the knowledge of his ways; the same reason which moves them to desire God’s distance from them, would move them to desire God’s not being : since the greatest distance would be most agreeable to them, the destruction of God must be so too ; because there is no greater distance from us, than in not being. Men would rather have God not to be, than themselves under control, that sen–suality might range at pleasure; he is like a"heifer sliding from the yoke" (Hosea iv. 16). The cursing of God in the heart, feared by Job of his children, intimates a wishing God despoiled of his author–ity, that their pleasure might not be damped by his law. Besides, is there any natural man that sins against actuated knowledge, but either thinks or wishes that God might not see him, that God might not know his actions? And is not this to wish the destruction of God, who could not be God unless he were immense and omniscient?

3. Under this rank fall those who perform external duties only out of a principle of slavish fear. Many men perform those duties that the law enjoins, with the same sentiments that slaves per–form their drudgery; and are constrained in their duties by no other considerations but those of the whip and the cudgel. Since, therefore, they do it with reluctancy, and secretly murmur while they seem to obey, they would be willing that both the command were recalled, and the master that commands them were in another world. The spirit of adoption makes men act towards God as a father, a spirit of bondage only eyes him as a judge. Those that look upon their superiors as tyrannical, will not be much concerned in their welfare ; and would be more glad to have their nails pared, than be under perpetual fear of them. Many men regard not the Infinite Goodness in the service of him, but consider him as cruel, tyrannical, injurious to their liberty. Adam’s posterity are not free from the sentiments of their common father, till they are regenerate. You know what conceit was the hammer whereby the hellish Jael struck the nail into our first parents, which conveyed death, together with the same imagination to all their posterity (Gen. iii. 5): "God knows that in the day you eat thereof, your eyes shall be opened, and you shall be as gods, knowing good and evil." Alas, poor souls ! God knew what he did when he forbade you that fruit ; he was jealous you should be too happy; it was cruelty in him to deprive you of a food so pleasant and delicious. The apprehension of the severity of God’s commands riseth up no less in desires that there were no God over us, than Adam’s apprehension of envy in God for the restraint of one tree, moved him to attempt to be equal with God : fear is as powerful to produce the one in his posterity, as pride was to produce the other in the common root. When we apprehend a thing hurtful to us, we desire so much evil to it, as may render it incapable of doing us the hurt we fear. As we wish the preservation of what we love or hope for, so we are naturally apt to wish the not being of that whence we fear some hurt or trouble. We must not understand this as if any man did formally wish the destruction of God, as God. God in himself is an infinite mirror of goodness and ravishing loveliness; he is infinitely good, and so universally good, and nothing but good ; and is therefore so agreeable to a creature, as a creature, that it is impossible that the creature, while it bears itself to God as a creature, should be guilty of this, but thirst after him and cherish every motion to him. As no man wishes the de–struction of any creature, as a creature, but as it may conduce to something which he counts may be beneficial to himself; so no man doth, nor perhaps can wish the cessation of the being of God, as God ; for then he must wish his own being to cease also ; but as he considers him clothed with some perfections, which he apprehends as injurious to him, as his holiness in forbidding sin, his justice in punishing sin ; and God being judged in those perfections, contrary to what the revolted creature thinks convenient and good for him–self, he may wish God stripped of those perfections, that thereby he may be free from all fear of trouble and grief from him in his fallen state. In wishing God deprived of those, he wishes God deprived of his being; because God cannot retain his deity without a love of righteousness, and hatred of iniquity; and he could not testify his love to the one, or his loathing of the other, without encouraging goodness, and witnessing his anger against iniquity. Let us now appeal to ourselves, and examine our own consciences. Did we never please ourselves sometimes in the thoughts, how happy we should be, how free in our vain pleasures, if there were no God? Have we not desired to be our own lords, without control, subject to no law but our own, and be guided by no will but that of the flesh? Did we never rage against God under his afflicting hand? Did we never wish God stripped of his holy will to command, and his righteous will to punish? &c.

Thus much for the general. For the proof of this, many consid–erations will bring in evidence ; most may be reduced to these two generals : Man would set himself up, first, as his own rule ; secondly, as his own end and happiness.

I. Man would set himself up as his own rule instead of God. This will be evidenced in this method.

1. Man naturally disowns the rule God sets him. 2. He owns any other rule rather than that of God’s prescribing. 3. These he ,tloth in order to the setting himself up as his own rule. 4. He makes himself not only his own rule, but he would make himself the rule of God, and give laws to his Creator.

First, Man naturally disowns the rule God sets him. It is all one to deny his royalty, and to deny his being. When we disown his authority, we disown- his Godhead. It is the right of God to be the sovereign of his creatures, and it must be a very loose and trivial assent that such men have to God’s superiority over them, (and con–sequently to the excellency of his being, upon which that authority is founded) who are scarce at ease in themselves, but when they are invading his rights, breaking his bands, casting away his cords, and contradicting his will: Every man naturally is a son of Belial, would be without a yoke, and leap over God’s enclosures ; and in breaking out against his sovereignty, we disown his being, as God, for to be God and sovereign are mseparable ; he could not be God, if he were not supreme ; nor could he be a Creator without being a Lawgiver. To be God and yet inferior to another, is a contradiction. To make rational creatures without prescribing them a law, is to make them without holiness, wisdom and goodness.

1. There is in man naturally an unwillingness to have any ac–quaintance with the rule God sets him (Psalm xiv. 2): "None that did understand and seek God." The refusing instruction and casting his Word behind the back is a part of atheism.ⁿ We are heavy in hearing the instructions either of law or gospel,^o and slow in the ap–prehension of what we hear. The people that God had hedged in from the wilderness of the world for his own garden, were foolish and did not know God; were sottish and had no understanding of him.^p The law of God is accounted a strange thing ;^q a thing of a different climate, and a far country from the heart of man ; where– with the mind of man had no natural acquaintance, and had no de–sire to have any ; or they regarded it as a sordid thing: what God accounts great and valuable, they account mean and despicable. Men may show a civility to a stranger, but scarce contract an inti–macy : there can be no amicable agreement between the holy will of God and the heart of a depraved creature : one is holy, the other unholy; one is universally good, the other stark naught. The purity of the Divine rule renders it nauseous to the impurity of a carnal heart. Water and fire may as well friendly kiss each other and live together without quarrelling and ‘hissing, as the holy will of God and the unregenerate heart of a fallen creature.

The nauseating a holy rule is an evidence of atheism in the heart, as the nauseating wholesome food is of putrefied phlegm in the stomach. It is found more or less in every Christian, in the re–mainders, though not in a full empire. As there is a law in his mind whereby he delights in the law of God, so there is a law in his mem–bers whereby he wars against the law of God (Rom, vii. 22, 23, 25). How predominant is this loathing of the law of God, when corrupt nature is in its full strength, without a%, principle to control it 1 There is in the mind of such a, one a daess, whereby it is igno–rant^of it, and in the will a depravedness, whereby it is repugnant to it. If man were naturally willing and able to have an intimate acquaintance with, and delight in the law of God, it had not been such a signal favor for God to promise to "write the law in the heart." A man may sooner engrave the chronicle of a whole nation, or all the records of God in the Scripture upon the hardest marble with his bare finger, than write one syllable of the law of God in a spiritual manner upon his heart. For,

(1.) Men are negligent in using the means for the knowledge of God’s will. All natural men are fools, who know not how to use the price God puts into their hands;^r they put not a due estimate upon opportu–nities and means of grace, and account that law folly which is the birth of an infinite and holy wisdom. The knowledge of God which they may glean from creatures, and is more pleasant to the natural gust of men, is not improved to the glory of God, if we will believe the indictment the apostle brings against the Gentiles.^s And most of those that have dived into the depths of nature, have been more stu–dious of the qualities of the creatures, than of the excellency of the nature, or the discovery of the mind of God in them; who regard only the rising and motions of the star, but follow not with the wise men, its conduct to the King of the Jews. How often do we see men filled with an eager thirst for all other kind of knowledge, that cannot acquiesce in a twilight discovery, but are inquisitive into the causes and reasons of effects, yet are contented with a weak and languishing knowledge of God and his law, and are easily tired with the proposals of them ! He now that nauseates the means whereby he may come to know and obey God, has no intention to make the law of God his rule. There is no man that intends seriously an end, but he intends means in order to that end : as when a man intends the preservation or recovery of his health, he will intend means in order to those ends, otherwise he cannot be said to intend his health ; so he that is not diligent in using means to know the mind of God, has no sound intention to make the will and law of God his rule. Is not the inquiry after the will of God made a work by the bye, and fain to lacquey after other concerns of an inferior nature, if it hath any place at all in the sou17 which is a despising the being of God. The notion of the sovereignty of God bears the same date with the notion of his Godhead; and by the same way that he reveals him–self, he reveals his authority over us : whether it be by creatures without, or conscience within. All authority over rational creatures consists in commanding and directing : the duty of rational creatures in compliance with that authority consists in obeying. Where there is therefore a careless neglect of those means which convey the knowledge of God’s will and our duty, there is an utter disowning of God as our Sovereign and our rule.

(2.) When any part of the mind and will of God breaks in upon men, they endeavor to shake it off: as a man would a sergeant that comes to arrest him, "they like not to retain God in their knowl–edge" (Rom. i. 28). " A natural man receives not the things of the Spirit of God;" that is, into his affection ; he pusheth them back as men do troublesome and importunate beggars : they have no kind–ness to bestow upon it : they thrust with both shoulders against the truth of God, when it presseth in upon them ; and dash as much contempt upon it as the Pharisees did upon the doctrine our Sa–viour directed against their covetousness. As men naturally delight to be without God in the world, so they delight to be without any offspring of God in their thoughts. Since the spiritual palate of man is depraved, divine truth is unsavory and ungrateful to us, till our taste and relish is restored by grace : hence men damp and quench the motions of the Spirit to obedience and compliance with the dic–tates of God ; strip them of their life and vigor, and kill them in the womb. How unable are our memories to retain the substance of spiritual truth ; but like sand in a glass, put in at one part and runs out at the other ! Have not many a secret wish, that the Scrip–ture had never mentioned some truths, or that they were blotted out of the Bible, because they face their consciences, and discourage those boiling lusts they would with eagerness and delight pursue 2 Methinks that interruption John gives our Saviour when he was upon the reproof of their pride, looks little better than a design to divert him from a discourse so much against the grain, by telling him a story of their prohibiting one to cast out devils, because he followed not them.^t How glad are men when they can raise a bat–tery against a command of God, and raise some smart objection whereby they may shelter themselves from the strictness of it !

(3.) When men cannot shake off the notices of the will and mind of God, they have no pleasure in the consideration of them; which could not possibly be, if there were a real and fixed design to own the mind and law of God as our rule. Subjects or servants that love to obey their prince and master, will delight to read and execute their orders. The devils understand the law of God in their minds, but they loathe the impressions of it ul~on their wills : those miserable spirits are bound in chains of darkness, evil habits in their wills, that they have not a thought of obeying that law they know. It was an unclean beast under the law that did not chew the cud : it is a cor–rupt heart that doth not chew truth by meditation. A natural man is said not to know God, or the things of God; he may know them nationally, but he knows them not affectionately. A sensual soul can have no delight in a spiritual law. To be sensual and not to have the Spirit are inseparable (Jude 19). Natural men may indeed meditate upon the law and truth of God, but without delight in it ; if they take any pleasure in it, it is only as it is knowledge, not as it is a rule ; for we delight in nothing that we desire, but upon the same account that we desire it. Natural men desire to know God and some part of his will and law, not out of a sense of their practi–cal excellency, but a natural thirst after knowledge : and if they have a delight, it is in the act of knowing, not in the object known, not in the duties that stream from that knowledge; they design the furnishing their understandings, not the quickening their aflections, -like idle boys that strike fire, not to warm themselves by the heat, but sport themselves with the sparks ; whereas a gracious soul accounts not only his meditation, or the operations of his soul about God and his will to be sweet, but he bath a joy in the object of that meditation.^u Many have the knowledge of God, who have no delight in him or his will. Owls have eyes to perceive that there is a sun, but by reason of the weakness of their sight have no pleasure to look upon a beam of it : so neither can a man by nature love, or delight in the will of God, because of his natural corruption. That law that riseth up in men for conviction and instruction, they keep down under the power of corruption ; making their souls not the sanctuary, but prison of truth (Rom. i. 18). They will keep it down in their hearts, if they cannot keep it out of their heads, and will not endeavor to know and taste the spirit of it.

(4.) There is, further, a rising and swelling o-.he heart against thewill of God. 1st. Internal. God’s law cast against a hard heart, islike a ball thrown against a stone wall, by reason of the resistancerebounding the further from it ; the meeting of a divine truth andthe heart of man, is like the meeting of two tides, the weaker swellsand foams. We have a natural antipathy against a divine rule, andtherefore when it is clapped close to our consciences, there is a snuf–fing at it, high reasonings against it, corruption breaks out morestrongly : as water poured on lime sets it on fire by an antiperistasis,and the more water is cast upon it, the more furiously it burns: oras the sunbeams shining upon a dunghill make the steams the thicker,and the stench the noisomer, neither being the positive cause of thesmoke in the lime, or the stench in the dunghill, but by accident thecauses of the eruption: ( Rom. vii. 8), " But sin taking occasion bythe commandment, wrought in me all manner of concupiscence, for without the law sin was dead." Sin was in a languishing posture, as if it were dead, like a lazy garrison in a city, till, upon an alarm from the adversary, it takes arms, and revives its courage; all the sin in the heart gathers together its force to maintain its standing, like the vapors of the night, which unite themselves more closely to resist the beams of the rising sun. Deep conviction often provokes fierce opposition ; sometimes disputes against a divine rule end in blasphemies: (Acts xiii. 45), " contradicting and blaspheming" are coupled together. Men naturally desire things that are forbidden, and reject things commanded, from the corruption of nature, which affects an unbounded liberty, and is impatient of returning under that voke it hath shaken off, and therefore rageth against the bars of the law, as the waves roar against the restraint of a bank. When the understanding is dark, and the mind ignorant, sin lies as dead; "A man scarce knows he bath such motions of concupiscence in him, he finds not the least breath of wind, but a full calm in his soul ; but when he is awakened by the law, then the viciousness of nature being sensible of an invasion of its empire, arms itself against the divine law, and the more the command is urged, the more vigor–ously it bends its strength, and more insolently lifts up itself against it ;"^x he perceives more and more atheistical lusts than before; " all manner of concupiscence," more leprous and contagious than before. When there are any motions to turn to God, a reluctancy is presently perceived ; atheistical thoughts bluster in the mind like the wind, thev know not whence they come, nor whither they go ; so unapt is the heart to any acknowledgment of God as his ruler, and any re-union with him. Hence men are said to resist the Holy Ghost (Acts vii. 51), to fall against it, as the word signifies, as a stone, or any ponderous body falls against that which lies in its way : they would dash to pieces, or grind to powder that very motion which is made for their instruction, and the Spirit too which makes it, and that not from a fit of passion, but an habitual repugnance; " Ye always resist," &c. 2d. External. It is a fruit of atheism in the fourth verse of this psalm, " Who eat up my people as they eat bread." How do the revelations of the mind of God meet with opposition ! and the carnal world like dogs bark against the shining of the moon ; so much men hate the light, that they spurn at the lanthorns that bear it; and because they cannot endure the treasure, often fling the earthen vessels against the ground wherein it is held. If the entrance of truth render the market worse for Diana’s shrines, the whole city will be in an uproar.^y When Socrates upon natural principles confuted the heathen idolatry, and asserted the unity of God, the whole cry of Athens, a learned university, is against him ; and because he opposed the public received religion, though with an undoubted truth, he must end his life by violence. How hath every corner of the world steamed with the blood of those that would maintain the authority of God in the world ! The devil’s children will. follow the steps of their father, and endeavor to bruise the heel of divine truth, that would endeavor to break the head of corrupt lust.

(5.) Men often seem desirous to be acquainted with the will of God, not out of any respect to his will, and to make it their rule, but upon some other consideration. Truth is scarce received as truth. There is more of hypocrisy than sincerity in the pale of the church, and attendance on the mind of God. The outward dowry of a reli–gious profession, makes it often more desirable than the beauty. Judas was a follower of Christ for the bag, not out of any affection to the divine revelation. Men sometime pretend a desire to be acquainted with the will of God, to satisfy their own passions, rather than to conform to God’s will; the religion of such is not the judg–ment of the man, but the passion of the brute. Many entertain a doctrine for the person’s sake, rather than a person for the doctrine’s sake, and believe a thing because it comes from a man they esteem, as if his lips were more canonical than Scripture. The Apostle implies in the commendation he gives the Thessalonians,^z that some receive the word for human interest, not as it is in truth the word and will of God to command and govern their consciences by its sovereign authority; or else they have the "truth of God" (as St. James speaks of the faith of Christ) " with respect of persons ;"^a and receive it not for the sake of the fountain, but of the channel; so that many times the same truth delivered by another, is disregarded, which, when dropping from the fancy and mouth of a man’s own idol, is cried up as an oracle. This is to make not God, but man the rule ; for though we entertain that which materially is the truth of God, yet not formally as his truth, but as conveyed by one we affect ; and that we receive a truth and not an error, we owe the obligation to the honesty of the instrument, and not to the strength and clear–ness of our own judgment. Wrong considerations may give admit–tance to an unclean, as well as a clean beast into the ark of the soul. That which is contrary to the mind of God, may be entertained, as well as that which is agreeable. It is all one to such that have no respect to God, what they have, as it is all one to a sponge to suck up the foulest water or the sweetest wine, when either is applied to it.

(6). Many that entertain the notions of the will and mind of God, admit them with unsettled and wavering affections. There is a great levity in the heart of man. The Jews that one day applaud our Saviour with hosannahs as their king, vote his crucifixion the next, and use him as a murderer. We begin in the Spirit, and end in the flesh. Our hearts, like lute-strings, are changed with every change of weather, with every appearance of a temptation ; scarce cne motion of God in a thousand prevails with us for a settled abode. It is a hard task to make a signature of those truths upon our affections, which will with ease pass current with our understandings ; our affections will as soon lose them, as our understandings embrace them. The heart of man is " unstable as water."^b Some were willing to rejoice in John’s light, which reflected a lustre on their minds ; but not in his heat, which would have conveyed a warmth to their hearts ; and the light was pleasing to them but for a season,^c while their corruptions lay as if they were dead, not when they were awakened. Truth may be admitted one day, and the next day rejected ; as Austin saith of a wicked man, he loves the truth shining, but he hates the truth reproving. This is not to make God, but our own humor, our rule and measure.

(7.) Many desire an acquaintance with the law and truth of God, with a design to improve some lust by it ; to turn the word of God to be a pander to the breach of his law. This is so far from making God’s will our rule, that we make our own vile affections the rule of his law. How many forced interpretations of Scripture have been coined to give content to the lusts of men, and the divine rule forced to bend, and be squared to men’s loose and carnal apprehensions ! It is a part of the instability or falseness of the heart, to "wrest the Scriptures to their own destruction ;"^d which they could not do, if they did not first wring them to countenance some detestable error or filthy crime. In Paradise the first interpretation made of the first law of God, was point blank against the mind of the Lawgiver, and venomous to the whole race of mankind. Paul himself feared that some might put his doctrine of grace to so ill a use, as to be an altar and sanctuary to shelter their presumption (Rom. vi. 1, 15): " Shall we then continue in sin, that grace may abound?" Poisonous con–sequences are often drawn from the sweetest truths; as when God’s patience is made a topic whence to argue against his providence,^e or an encouragement to commit evil more greedily ; as though because be had not presently a revenging hand, he had not an all-seeing eye : or when the doctrine of justification by faith is made use of to de–press a holy life ; or God’s readiness to receive returning sinners, an encouragement to defer repentance till a death-bed. A liar will hunt for shelter in the reward God gave the midwives that lied to Pharaoh for the preservation of the males of Israel, and Rahab’s saving the spies by false intelligence. God knows how to distinguish between grace and corruption, that may lie close together ; or between some–thing of moral goodness and moral evil, which may be mixed ; we find their fidelity rewarded, which was a moral good; but not their lie approved, which was a moral evil. Nor will Christ’s conversing with sinners, be a plea for any to thrust themselves into evil company. Christ conversed with sinners, as a physician with diseased persons, to cure them, not approve them ; others with profligate persons, to receive infection from them, not to communicate holiness to them. Satan’s children have studied their father’s art, who wanted not per–verted Scripture to second his temptations against our Saviour.^f How often do carnal hearts turn divine revelation to carnal ends, as the sea fresh water into salt 1 As men subject the precepts of God to carnal interests, so they subject the truths of God to carnal fancies. When men will allegorize the word, and make a humorous and crazy fancy the interpreter of divine oracles, and not the Spirit speaking in the word ; this is to enthrone our own imaginations as the rule of God’s law, and depose his law from being the rule of our reason ; this is to rifle truth of its true mind and intent. ‘Tis more to rob a man of his reason, the essential constitutive part of man, than of his estate ; this is to refuse an intimate acquaintance with his will. We shall never tell what is the matter of a precept, or the matter of a promise, if we impose a sense upon it contrary to the plain meaning of it ; thereby we shall make the law of God to have a distinct sense ac–cording to the variety of men’s imaginations, and so make every man’s fa,ncy a law to himself. Now that this unwillingness to have a spiritual acquaintance with divine truth is a disowning God as our rule, and a setting up self in his stead, is evident ; because this un–willingness respects truth.

1st. As it is most spiritual and holy. A fleshly mind is most con–trary to a spiritual law, and particularly as it is a searching and dis–covering law, that would dethrone all other rules in the soul. As men love to be without a holy God in the world, so they love to be without a holy law, the transcript and image of God’s holiness in their hearts ; and without holy men, the lights kindled by the Father of lights. As the holiness of God, so the holiness of the law most offends a carnal heart (Isa. xxx. 11): " Cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us, prophesy to us right things." They could not endure God as a holy one. Herein God places their re–bellion, rejecting him as their rule (ver. 9), " Rebellious children, that will not hear the law of the Lord." The more pure and precious any discovery of God is, the more it is disrelished by the world : as spiritual sins are sweetest to a carnal heart, so spiritual truths are most distasteful. The more of the brightness of the sun any beam conveys, the more offensive it is to a distempered eye.

2d. As it doth most relate to, or lead to God. The devil directs his fiercest batteries against those doctrines in the word, and those graces in the heart, which most exalt God, debase man, and bring men to the lowest subjection to their Creator ; such is the doctrine and grace of justifying faith. That men hate not knowledge as knowledge, but as it directs them to choose the fear of the Lord, was the determination of the Holy Ghost long ago (Prov. i. 29): " For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the Lord." Whatsoever respects God, clears up guilt, witnesses man’s revolt to him, rouseth up conscience, and moves to a return to God, a man naturally runs from, as Adam did from God, and seeks a shelter in some weak bushes of error, rather than appear before it. Not that men are unwilling to inquire into and contemplate some divine truths which lie furthest from the heart, and concern not themselves im–mediately with the rectifying the soul : they may view them with such a pleasure as some might take in beholding the miracles of our Saviour, who could not endure his searching doctrine. The light of speculation may be pleasant, but the light of conviction is grievous ; that which galls their consciences, and would affect them with a sense of their duty to God. Is it not easy to -~)erceive, that when a man begins to be serious in the concerns of t ie honor of God and the duty of his soul, he feels a reluctancy within him, even against the -)leas of conscience ; which evidenceth that some unworthy principle ~as got footing in the hearts of men, which fights against the declara–tions of God without, and the impressions of the law of God within, at the same time when a man’s own conscience takes part with it, which is the substance of the apostle’s discourse, Rom. vii. 15, 16, &c. Close discourses of the honor of God, and our duty to him, are irksome when men are upon a merry pin : they are like a damp in a mine, that takes away their breath ; they shuffle them out as soon as they can, and are as unwilling to retain the speech of them in their mouths, as the knowledge of them in their hearts. Gracious speeches, instead of bettering many men, distemper them, as some–times sweet perfumes affect a weak head with aches.

3d. As it is most contrary to self. Men are unwilling to acquaint themselves with any truth that leads to God, because it leads from self. Every part of the will of God is more or less displeasing, as it sounds harsh against some carnal interest men would set above God, or as a mate with him. Man cannot desire any intimacy with that law which he regards as a bird of prey, to pick out his right eye or gnaw off his right hand, his lust dearer than himself. The reason we have such hard thoughts of God’s will is, because we have such high thoughts of ourselves. It is a hard matter to believe or will that which hath no affinity with some principle in the understanding, and no interest in our will and passions : our unwillingness to be ac–quainted with the will of God ariseth from the disproportion between that and our corrupt hearts; "We are alienated from the life of God in our minds" (Eph. iv. 18, 19). As we live not like God, so we neither think or will as God ; there is an antipathy in the heart of man against that doctrine which teaches us to deny ourselves and be under the rule of another ; but whatsoever favors the ambition, lusts, and profits of men, is easy entertainable. Many are fond of those sciences which may enrich their understandings, and grate not upon their sensual delights. Many have an admirable dexterity in finding out philosophical reasons, mathematical demonstrations, or raising observations upon the records of history ; and spend much time and many serious and affectionate thoughts in the study of them. In those they have not immediately to do with God, their beloved pleasures are not impaired ; it is a satisfaction to self without the ex–ercise of any hostility against it. But had those sciences been against self, as much as the law and will of God, they had long since been rooted out of the world. Why did the young man turn his back upon the law of Christ? because of his worldly self. Why did the Pharisees mock at the doctrine of our Saviour, and not at their own traditions 7 because of covetous self. Why did the Jews slight the person of our Saviour and put him to death, after the reading so many credentials of his being sent from heaven 7 because of ambitious self, that the Romans might not come and take away their kingdom. If the law of God were fitted to the humors of self, it would be readily and cordially observed by all men : self is the measure of a world of seeming religious actions ; while God seems to be the object, and his law the motive, self is the rule and end (Zech. vii. 5): " Did you fast unto me," &-c.

2. As men discover their disowning the will of God as a rule by unwillingness to be acquainted with it, so they discover it, by the contempt of it after they cannot avoid the notions and some impres–sions of it. The rule of God is burthensome to a sinner ; he flies from it as from a frightful bugbear, and unpleasant yoke : sin against the knowledge of the law is therefore called a going back from the commandment of God’s lips (Job xxiii. 12): "A casting God’s word behind them,"^g as a contemptible thing, fitter to be trodden in the dirt than lodged in the heart; nay it is a casting it off as an abomi–nable thing, for so the word n signifies, Hos, viii. 3. " Israel hath cast off the thing that is good;" an utter refusal of God (Jer. xliv. 16): " As for the word which thou hast spoken to us in the name of the Lord, we will not hearken." In the slight of his precepts his essential perfections are slighted. In disowning his will as a rule, we disown all those attributes which flow from his will, as goodness, righteousness, and truth. As an act of the divine understanding is supposed to precede the act of the divine will, so we slight the infi–nite reason of God. Every law, though it proceeds from the will of the lawgiver, and doth formally consist in an act of the will, yet it doth pre-suppose an act of the understanding. If the commandment be holy, just, and good, as it is (Rom. vii. 12); if it be the image of God’s holiness, a transcript of his righteousness, and the efflux of his goodness ; then in every breach of it, dirt is cast upon those attributes which shine in it ; and a slight of all the regards he hath to his own honor, and all the provisions he makes for his creature. This athe–ism, or contempt of God, is more taken notice of by God than the matter of the sin itself; as a respect to God in a weak and imperfect obedience is more than the matter of the obedience itself, because it is an acknowledgment of God; so a contempt of God in an act of dis–obedience, is more than the matter of the disobedience. The creature stands in such an act not only in a posture of distance from God, but defiance of him; it was not the bare act of murder and adultery which Nathan charged upon David, but the atheistical rinciple which spirited those evil acts. The despising the commanc~ment of the Lord was the venom of them.^h It is poss._ le to break a law with–out contempt ; but when men pretend to believe there is a God, and that this is the law of God, it shows a contempt of his majesty:ⁱ men naturally account God’s laws too strict, his yoke too heavy, and his limits too strait; and he that liveth in a contempt of this law, curseth God in his life. How can they believe there is a God, who despise him as a ruler? How can they believe him to be a guide, that disdain to follow him? To think we firmly believe a God with–out living conformable to his law, is an idle and vain imagination. The true and sensible notion of a God cannot subsist with disorder and an affected unrighteousness. This contempt is seen,

1. In any presumptuous breach of any part of his law. Such sins are frequently called in Scripture, rebellions, which are a denial of the allegiance we owe to him. By a wilful refusal of his right in one part, we root up the foundation of that rule he doth justly challenge over us ; his right is as extensive to command us in one thing, as in another; and if it be disowned in one thing, it is virtually disowned in all, and the whole statute book of God is contemned (James ii. 10, 11: "Whosoever shall keep the whole law and yet offend in one point, is guilty of all." A willing breaking one part, though there be a willing observance of all the other points of it, is a breach of the whole ; because the authority of God, which gives sanction to the whole, is slighted : the obedience to the rest is dissembled : for the love, which is the root of all obedience, is wanting ; for " love is the fulfilling the whole law."^k The rest are obeyed because they cross not carnal desire so much as the other, and so it is an observance of himself, not of God. Besides, the authority of God, which is not prevalent to restrain us from the breach of one point, would be of as little force with us to restrain us from the breach of all the rest, did the allurements of the flesh give us as strong a diversion from the one as from the other ; and though the command that is transgressed be the least in the whole law, yet the authority which enjoins it is the same with that which enacts the greatest : and it is not so much the matter of the command, as the authority commanding which lays the obligation.

2. In the natural averseness to the declarations of God’s will and mind, which way soever they tend. Since man affected to be as God, he desires to be boundless ; he would not have fetters, though they be golden ones, and conduce to his happiness. Though the law of God be a strength to them, yet they will not (Isa. xxx. 15): " In returning shall be your strength, and you would not." They would not have a bridle to restrain them from running into the pit, nor be hedged in by the law, though for their security; as if they thought it too slavish and low-spirited a thing to be guided by the will of another. Hence man is compared to a wild ass, that loves to "snuff up the wind in the wilderness at her pleasure," rather than come under the guidance of God ;"^l from whatsoever quarter of the heavens you pursue her she will run to the other. The Israelites "could not endure what was commanded,"^m though in regard of the moral part, agreeable to what they found written in their own nature, and to the observance whereof they had the highest obligations of any people under heaven, since God had, by many prodigies, deliv–ered them from a cruel slavery, the memory of which prefaced the Decalogue (Exod. xx. 2), "I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage." They could not think of the rule of their duty, but they must reflect upon the grand incentive of it in their redemption from Egyptian thraldom ; yet this people were cross to God, which way soever he moved. When they were in the brick kilns, they cried for deliver–ance; when they had heavenly manna, they longed for their onions and garlic. In they Num. xiv. 3, they repent of their deliverance from Egypt, and talk of returning again to seek the remedy of their evils in the hands of their cruellest enemies, and would rather put them–selves into the irons, whence God had delivered them, than believe one word of the promise of God for giving them a fruitful land ; but when Moses tells them God’s order, that they should turn back by the way of the Red Sea,ⁿ and that God had confiriiied it by an oath, that they should not see the land of Canaan,^o they then run cross to this command of God, and, instead of marching towards the Red Sea, which they had wished for before, they will go up to Canaan, as in spite of God and his threatening: "ltire will go to the place which the Lord hath promised" (ver. 40), which Moses calls a trans–gressing the commandment of the Lord (ver. 41). They would pre–sume to go up, notwithstanding Moses’ prohibition, and are smitten by the Amalekites. When God gives them a precept, with a prom–ise to go up to Canaan, they long for Egypt; when God commands them to return to the Red Sea, which was nearer to the place they longed for, they will shift sides, and go up to Canaan ;^p and when they found they were to traverse the solitudes of the desert, they took pet against God, and, instead of thanking him for the late vic–tory against the Canaanites, they reproach him for his conduct from Egypt, and the manna wherewith he nourished them in the wilder–ness. They would not go to Canaan, the way God had chosen, nor preserve themselves by the means God had ordained. They would not be at God’s disposal, but complain of the badness of the way, and the lightness of manna, empty of any necessary juice to sustain their nature. They murmuringly solicit the will and power of God to change all that order which he had resolved in his counsel, and take another, conformable to their vain foolish desires ; and they signified thereby that they would invade his conduct, and that he should act according to their fancy, which the psalmist calls a " tempting of God, and limiting the Holy One of Israel" (Psalm lxxviii. 41). To what point soever the declarations of God stand, the will of man turns the quite contrary way. Is not the carriage of this nation the best then in the world? a discovery of the depth of our natural corruption, how cross man is to God? And that charge God brings against them, may be brought against all men by nature, that they despise his judgments, and have a rooted abhorrency of his statutes in their soul (Lev. xxvi. 43). No sooner had they recovered from one rebellion, but they revolted to another; so difficult a thing it is for man’s nature to be rendered capable of conforming to the will of God. The carriage of this people is but a copy of the nature of mankind, and is " written for our admonition" (1 Cor. x. 11~. From this temper men are said to make " void the law of God;"^q to make it of no obligation, an antiquated and moth-eaten record. And the Pharisees, by setting up their traditions against the will of God, are said to make his law of " none effect;" to strip it of all its authority, as the word signifies, (Matt. xv. 6,) r;-Q6U1xtE.

3. We have the greatest slight of that will of God which is most for his honor and his greatest pleasure. It is the nature of man, ever since Adam, to do so (Hos. vi. 6, 7). God desired mercy and not a sacrifice ; the knowledge of himself more than burnt offering ; but they, like men as Adam, have transgressed the covenant, invade God’s rights, and not let him be Lord of one tree. We are more curious observers of the fringes of the law than of the greater con–cerns of it. The Jews were diligent in sacrifices and offerings, which God did not urge upon them as principals, but as types of other things; but negligent of the faith which was to be established by him. Holiness, mercy, pity, which concerned the honor of God, as governor of the world, and were imitations of the holiness and good–ness of God, they were strangers to. This is God’s complaint (Isa. i. 11, 12, xvi. 17). We shall find our hearts most averse to the ob–servation of those laws which are eternal, and essential to righteous–ness ; such that he could not but command, as he is a righteous Governor ; in the observation of which we come nearest to him, and express his image more clearly; as those laws for an inward and spiritual worship, a supreme affection to him. God, in regard of his righteousness and holiness of his nature, and the excellency of his being, could not command the contrary to these. But this part of his will our hearts most swell against, our corruption doth most snarl at ; whereas those laws which are only positive, and have no intrinsic righteousness in them, but depend purely upon the will of the Lawgiver, and may be changed at his pleasure (which the other, that have an intrinsic righteousness in them, cannot), we better com–ply with, than that part of his will that doth express more the right–eousness of his nature ;^r such as the ceremonial part of worship, and the ceremonial law among the Jews. We are more willing to observe order in some outward attendances and glavering devotions, than discard secret affections to evil, crucify inward lusts and delight–ful thoughts. A "hanging down the head like a bullrush" is not difficult; but the "breaking the heart," like a potter’s vessel, to shreds and dust (a sacrifice God delights in, whereby the excellency of God and the vileness of the creature is owned), goes against the grain ; to cut off an outward branch is not so hard as to hack at the root. What God most loathes, as most contrary to his will, we most love : no sin did God so severely hate, and no sin were the Jews more in–clined unto, than that of idolatry. The heathen had not changed their God, as the Jews had changed their glory (Jer. ii. 11); and all men are naturally tainted with this sin, which is so contrary to the holy and excellent nature of God. By how much the more defect there is of purity in our respects to God, by so much the more re–spect there is to some idol within or without us, to humor, custom, and interest, &c. Never did any law of God meet with so much opposition as Christianity, which was the design of God from the first promise to the exhibiting the Redeemer, and from thence to the end of the world. All people drew swords at first against it. The Romans prepared yokes for their neighbors, but provided temples for the idols those people worshipped ; but Christianity, the choicest design and most delightful part of the will of God, never met with a kind entertainment at first in any place ; Rome, that entertained all others, persecuted this with fire and sword, though sealed by greater testimonies from heaven than their own records could report in favor of their idols.

4. In running the greatest hazards, and exposing ourselves to more trouble to cross the will of God, than is necessary to the observance of it. It is a vain charge men bring against the divine precepts, that they are rigorous, severe, difflcult ; when, besides the contradic–tion to our Saviour, who tells us his "yoke is easy," and his "burthen light," they thwart their own calm reason and judgment. Is there not more difficulty to be vicious, covetous, violent, cruel, than to be virtuous, charitable, kind? Doth the. will of God enjoin that that is not confoiinable to right reason, and secretly delightful in the exer–cise and issue? And on the contrary, what doth Satan and the world engage us in, that is not full of molestation and hazard ? Is it a sweet and comely thing to combat continually against our own consciences, and resist our own light, and commence a perpetual quarrel against ourselves, as we ordinarily do when we sin? They in the Prophet (Micah vi. 6-8) would be at the expense of "thousands of rams, and ten thousand rivers of oil," if they could compass them; yea, would strip themselves of their natural affection to their first-born to expiate the "sin of their soul," rather than to " do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with God;" things more conducible to the honor of God, the welfare of the world, the security of their souls, and of a more easy practice than the offerings they wished for. Do not men then disown God when they will walk in ways hedged with thorns, wherein they meet with the arrows of conscience, at every turn, in their sides; and slide down to an everlasting punishment, sink under an intolerable slavery, to contradict the will of God ? when they will prefer a sensual satisfaction, -with a combustion in their consciences, violation of their reasons, gnawing cares and weary travels before the honor of God, the dignity of their natures, the hap–piness of peace and health, which might be preserved at a cheaper rate, than they are at to destroy them ?

5. In the unwillingness and awkwardness of the heart, when it is to pay God a service. Men " do evil with both hands earnestly,"^s but do good with one hand faintly; no life in the heart, nor any diligence in the hand. What slight and loose thoughts of God doth this unwillingness imply ? It is a wrong to his providence, as though we were not under his government, and had no need of his assistance; a wrong to his excellency, as though there were no amiableness in him to make his service desirable ; an injury to his goodness and power, as if he were not able or willing to reward the creatures’ obe–dience, or careless not to take notice of it; it is a sign we receive little satisfaction in him, and that there is a great unsuitableness be–tween him and us.

(1.) There is a kind of constraint in the first engagement. We are rather pressed to it than enter ourselves volunteers. What we call service to God is done naturally much against our wills ; it is not a delightful food, but a bitter potion ; we are rather haled, than run to it. There is a contradiction of sin within us against our service, as there was a contradiction of sinners without our Saviour against his doing the will of God. Our hearts are unwieldy to any spiritual service of God; we are fain to use a violence with them some–times : Hezekiah, it is said, " walked before the Lord, with a perfect heart" (2 Kings xx. 9) ; he walked, he made himself to tivalk : man naturally cares not for a walk with God; if he hath any communion with him, it is with such a dulness and heaviness of spirit as if he’ wished himself out of his company. Man’s nature, being contrary to holiness, bath an aversion to any act of homage to God, because holiness must at least be pretended. In every duty wherein we have a communion with God, holiness is requisite: now as men are against the truth of holiness, because it is unsuitable to them, so they are not friends to those duties which require it, and for some space divert them from the thoughts of their beloved lusts. The word of the Lord is a yoke, prayer a drudgery, obedience a strange element. We are like fish, that " drink up iniquity like water,"^t and come not to the bank without the force of an angle; no more willing to do service for God, than a fish is of itself to do service for man. It is a constrained act to satisfy conscience, and such are servile, not son–like performances, and spring from bondage more than affection ; if conscience, like a task-master, did not scourge them to duty, they would never perform it. Let us appeal to ourselves, whether we are not more unwilling to secret, closet, hearty duty to God, than to join with others in some external service; as if those inward services were a going to the rack, and rather our penance than privilege. How much service hath God in the world from the same principle that vagrants perform their task in Bridewell I How glad are many of evasions to back them in the neglect of the commands of God, of corrupt reasonings from the flesh to waylay an act of obedience, and a multitude of excuses to blunt the edge of the Vrecept 1 The very service of God shall be a pretence to deprive him of the obedience due to him. Saul will not be ruled by God’s will in the destroying the cattle of the Amalekites, but by his own; and will impose upon the will and wisdom of God, judging God mistaken in his command, and that the cattle God thought fittest to be meat to the fowls, were fitter to be sacrifices on the altar.^u- If we do perform any part of his will, is it not for our own ends, to have some deliverance from trouble ? (Isa. xxvi. 16): " In trouble have they visited thee; they poured out a prayer when thy chastening was upon them." In affliction, he shall find them kneeling in homage and devotion ; in prosperity, he shall feel them kicking with contempt; they can pour out a prayer in distress, and scarce drop one when they are delivered.

(2.) There is a slightness in our service of God. We are loth to come into his presence ; and when we do come, we are loth to con–tinue with him. We pay not an homage to him heartily, as to our Lord and Governor ; we regard him not as our Master, whose work we ought to do, and whose honor we ought to aim at. 1. In regard of the matter of service. When the torn, the lame, and the sick is of–fered to God;^x so thin and lean a sacrifice, that you may have thrown it to the ground with a puff; so some understand the mean–ing of "you have snuffed at it." Men have naturally such slight thoughts of the majesty and law of God, that they think any ser–vice is good enough for him, and conformable to his law. The dullest and deadest time we think fittest to pay God a service in ; when sleep is ready to close our eyes, and we are unfit to serve ourselves, we think it a fit time to open our hearts to God. How few morning sacrifices bath God from many persons and families l Men leap out of their beds to their carnal pleasures or worldly employments, without any thought of their Creator and Preserver, or any reflection upon his will as the rule of our daily obedience. And as many re–serve the dregs of their lives, their old age, to offer up their souls to God, so they reserve the dregs of the day, their sleeping time, for the offering up their service to him. How many grudge to spend their best time in the serving the will of God, and reserve for him the sickly and rheumatic part of their lives ; the remainder of that which the devil and their own lusts have fed upon I Would not any prince or governor judge a present half eaten up by wild beasts, or that which died in a ditch, a contempt of his royalty 7 A corrupt thing is too base and vile for so great a King as God is, whose name is dreadful.^y When by age men are weary of their own bodies, they would present them to God ; yet grudgingly, as if a tired body were too good for him, snuffing at the command for service. God calls for our best, and we give him the worst. 2. In respect of frame. We think any frame will serve God’s turn, which speaks our slight of God as a Ruler. Man naturally performs duty with an unholy heart, whereby it becomes an abomination to God (Prov. xxviii. 9): "He that turns away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayers shall be an abomination to God." The services which he commands, he hates for their evil frames or corrupt ends (Amos v. 21): " I hate, I despise your feast-days, I will not smell in your solemn assemblies." God requires gracious services, and we give him corrupt ones. We do not rouse up our hearts, as David called upon his lute and harp to awake (Psalm lvii. 8). Our hearts are not given to him ; we put him off with bodily exercise. The heart is but ice to what it doth not affect, [1.] There is not that natural vigor in the observance of God, which v; c have in worldly business. When we see a liveliness in men in other things, change the scene into a motion towards God, how suddenly doth their vigor shrink and their hearts freeze into sluggishness ! Many times we serve God as languishingly as if we were afraid he should accept us, and pray as coldly as if we were unwilling he should hear us, and take away that lust by which we are governed, and which conscience forces us to pray against; as if we were afraid God should set up his own throne and government in our hearts. How fleeting are we in divine med–itation, how sleepy in spiritual exercises ! but in other exercises ac–tive. The soul doth not awaken itself, and excite those animal and vital spirits, which it will in bodily recreations and sports; much less the powers of the soul: whereby it is evident we prefer the latter before any service to God. Since there is a fulness of animal spirits, why might they not be excited in holy duties as well as in other operations, but that there is a reluctancy in the soul to exer–cise its supremacy in this case, and perform anything becoming a creature in subjection to God as a Ruler? [2.] It is evident also in the distractions we have in his service. How loth are we to serve God fixedly one hour, nay a part of an hour, notwithstanding all the thoughts of his majesty, and the eternity of glory set before our eye 1 What man is there, since the fall of Adam, that served God one hour without many wanderings and unsuitable thoughts unfit for that service? How ready are our hearts to start out and unite themselves with any worldly objects that please us 1[3.] Weariness in it evidenceth it. To be weary of our dulness signifies a desire, to be weary of service signifies a discontent, to be ruled by God. How tired are we in the performance of spiritual duties, when in the vain triflings of time we have a perpetual motion 1 How will many willingly revel whole nights, when their hearts will flag at the threshold of a religious service ! like Dagon,^z lose both our heads to think, and hands to act, when the ark of God is present. Some in the Prophet wished the new moon and the Sabbath over, that they might sell their corn, and be busied again in their worldly affairs.–^a A slight and weariness of the Sabbath, was a slight of the Lord of the Sabbath, and of that freedom from the yoke and rule of sin, which was signified by it. The design of the sacrifices in the new moon was to signify a rest from the tyranny of sin, and a consecra–tion to the spiritual service of God. Servants that are quickly weary of their work, are weary of the authority of their master that enjoins it. If our hearts had a value for God, it would be with us as with the needle to the loadstone ; there would be upon his beck a speedy motion to him, and a fixed union with him. When the judgments and affections of the saints shall be fully refined in glory, they shall be willing to behold the face of God, and be under his government to eternity, without any weariness : as the holy angels have owned God as their sovereign near these six thousand years, without being weary of running on his errands. But, alas, while the flesh clogs us, there will be some relics of unwillingness to hear his injunctions, and weariness in performing them ; though men may excuse those things by extrinsic causes, yet God’s unerring judgment calls it a weariness of himself (Isaiah xliii. 22): " Thou hast not called upon me, 0 Jacob, but thou hast been weary of me, 0 Israel." Of this he taxeth his own people, when he tells them he would have the beasts of the field, the ~ragons and the owls-the Gentiles, that the Jews counted no better than such-to honor him and acknowledge him their rule in a way of duty (ver. 20, 21.)

6. This contempt is seen in a deserting the rule of God, when our expectations are not answered upon our service. When services are performed from carnal principles, they are soon cast off when carnal ends meet not with desired satisfaction. But when we own ourselves God’s servants and God our Master, " our eyes will wait upon him till he have mercy on us."^b It is one part of the duty we owe to God as our Master in heaven to continue in prayer (Col iv. 1, 2) ; and by the same reason in all other service, and to watch in the same with thanksgiving : to watch for occasions of praise, to watch with cheerfulness for further manifestations of his will, strength to per–form it, success in the performance, that we may from all draw matter of praise. As we are in a posture of obedience to his precepts, so we should be in a posture of waiting for the blessing of it. But naturally we reject the duty we owe to God, if he do not speed the blessing we expect from him. How many do secretly mutter the same as they in Job xxi. 15: "What is the Almighty that we should serve him, and what profit shall we have if we pray to him?" They serve not God out of conscience to his commands, but for some carnal profit ; and if God make them to wait for it, they will not stay his leisure, but cease soliciting him any longer. Two things are expressed; that God was not worthy J of any homage from them,-" What is the Almighty that we should serve him?" and that the service of him would not bring them in a good revenue or an advantage of that kind they expected. Interest drives many men on to some kind of service, and when they do not find an ad–vance of that, they will acknowledge God no more ; but like some beggars, if you give them not upon their asking, and calling you good master, from blessing they will turn to cursing. How often do men do that secretly, practically, if not plainly, which Job’s wife advised him to, curse God, and cast off that disguise of integrity they had assumed! (Job ii. 9): " Dost thou still retain th - integrity? curse od` What a stir, and pulling, and crying is here ! Cast off all thoughts of religious service, and be at daggers drawing with that God, who for all thy service of him has made thee so wretched a spectacle to men, and a banquet for worms. The like temper is de–ciphered in the Jews (Mal. iii. 14), " It is in vain to serve God, and what profit is it that we have kept his ordinances, that we have walked mournfully before the Lord?" What profit is it that we have regarded his statutes, and carried ourselves in a way of subjec–tion to God, as our Sovereign, when we inherit nothing but sorrow, and the idolatrous neighbors swim in all kind of pleasures? as if it were the most miserable thing to acknowledge God? If men have not the benefits they expect, they think God unrighteous in himself, and injurious to them, in not conferring the favor they imagine they have mel7ted ; and if they have not that recompense, they will deny God that subjection they owe to him as creatures. Grace moves to God upon a sense of duty ; corrupt nature upon a sense of interest. Sincerity is encouraged by gracious returns, but is not melted away by God’s delay or refusal. Corrupt nature would have God at its back, and steers a course of duty by hope of some carnal profit, not by a sense of the sovereignty of God.

7. This contempt is seen in breaking promises with God. " One while the conscience of a man makes vows of new obedience, and perhaps binds himself with many an oath ; but they prove like Jonah’s gourd, withering the next day after their birth. This was Pharaoh’s temper : under a storm he would submit to God, and let Israel go ; but when the storm is ended, he will not be under God’s control, and Israel’s slavery shall be increased. The fear of Divine wrath makes many a sinner turn his back upon his sin, and the love of his ruling lust makes him turn his back upon his true Lord. This is from the prevalency of sin, that disputes with God for the sover–eignty."^c When God hath sent a sharp disease, as a messenger to bind men to their beds, and make an interruption of their sinful pleasures, their mouths are full of promises of a new life, in hope to escape the just vengeance of God: the sense of hell, which strikes strongly upon them, makes them full of such pretended resolutions when they howl upon their beds. But if God be pleased in his patience to give them a respite, to take off the chains wherewith he seemed to be binding them for destruction, and recruit their strength, they are more earnest in their sins than they were in their promises of a reformation, as if they had got the mastery of God, and had out–witted him. How often doth God charge them of not returning to him after a succession of judgments!^d So hard it is, not only to allure, but to scourge men, to an acknowledgment of God as their Ruler !

Consider then, are we not naturally inclined to disobey the known will of God? Can we say, Lord, for thy sake we refrain the thing to which our hearts incline? Do we not allow ourselves to be licen–tious, earthly, vain, proud, revengeful, though we know it will offend him? Have we not been peevishly cross to his declared will? run counter to him and those laws which express most of the glory of his holiness? Is not this to disown him as our rule? Did we never wish there were no law to bind us, no precept to check our idols? What is this, but to wish that God would depose himself from being our governor, and leave us to our own conduct? or else to wish that he were as unholy as ourselves, as careless of his own laws as we are; that is, that he were no more a God than we, a God as sinful and unrighteous as ourselves? He whose heart riseth against the law of God to unlaw it, riseth against the Author of that law to undeify him. He that casts contempt upon the dearest thing God hath in the world, that which is the image of his holiness, the delight of his soul; that which he hath given a special charge to maintain, and that because it is holy, just, and good, would not stick to rejoice at the destruction of God himself. If God’s holiness and righteousness in the beam be despised, much more will an immense goodness and holiness in the fountain be rejected : he that wisheth a beam far from his eyes, because it offends and scorcheth him, can be no friend to the sun, from whence that beam doth issue. How unworthy a crea–ture is man, since he only, a rational creature, is the sole being that withdraws itself from the rule of God in this earth ! And how mis–erable a creature is he also, since, departing from the order of God’s goodness, he falls into the order of his justice ; and while he refuseth God to be the rule of his life, he cannot avoid him being the Judge of his punishment! It is this is the original of all sin, and the foun–tain of all our misery. This is the first thing man disowns, the rule which God sets him.

Secondly, Alan naturally owns any other rule rather than that of God’s prescribing. The law of God orders one thing, the heart of man desires another. There is not the basest thing in the world, but man would sooner submit to be guided by it, rather than by the holiness of God; and when anything that God commands crosses our own wills, we value it no more than we would the advice of a poor dis–picable beggar. How many are " lovers of pleasure, more than lovers of God!"^e To make something which contributes to the per–fection of nature, as learning, wisdom, moral virtues, our rule, would be more tolerable ; but to pay that homage to a swinish pleasure, which is the right of God, is an inexcusable contempt of him. The greatest excellency in the world is infinitely below God; much more a bestial delight, which is both disgraceful and below the nature of man. If we made the vilest creature on earth our idol, it is more excusable than to be the slave of a brutish pleasure. The viler the thing is that doth possess the throne in our heart, the greater con–tempt it is of him who can only claim a right to it, and is worthy of it. Sin is the first object of man’s election, as soon as the faculty whereby he chooses comes to exercise its power; and it is so dear to man, that it is, in the estimate of our Saviour, counted as the right hand, and the right eye, dear, precious, and useful members.

1. The rule of Satan is owned before the rule of God. The natural man would rather be under the guidance of Satan than the yoke of his Creator. Adam chose him to be his governor in Paradise. No sooner had Satan spoke of God in a way of derision (Gen. iii. 1, 5), " Yea, hath God said," but man follows his counsel and approves of the scoff; and the greatest part of his posterity have not been wiser by his fall, but would rather ramble in the devil’s wilderness, than to stay in God’s fold. It is by the sin of man that the devil is become the god of the world, as if men were the electors of him to the gov–ernment; sin is an election of him for a lord, and a putting the soul under his government. Those that live according to the course of the world, and are loth to displease it, are under the government of the prince of it. The greatest part of the works done in the world is to enlarge the kingdom of Satan. For how many ages were the laws whereby the greatest part of the world was governed in the affairs of religion, the fruits cf his usurpation and policy? When temples were erected to him, priests consecrated to his service ; the rites used in most of the worship of the world were either of his own coining, or the misapplying the rites God had ordained to himself, under the notion of a God: whence the apostle calls all idolatrous feasts the table of devils, the cup of devils, sacrifice to devils, fellow–ship with devils;^f devils being the real object of the pagan worship, though not formally intended by the worshipper; though in some parts of the Indies, the direct and peculiar worship is to the devil, that he might not hurt them. And though the intention of others was to offer to God, and not the devil, yet since the action was con–trary to the will of God, he regards it as a sacrifice to devils. It was not the intention of Jeroboam to establish priests to the devil, when he consecrated them to the service of his calves, for Jehu afterwards calls them "the servants of the Lord" (2 Kings x. 23), " See if there be here none of the servants of the Lord," to distinguish them from the servants of Baal; signifying that the true God was worshipped under those images, and not Baal, nor any of the gods of the hea–thens; yet the Scripture couples the calves and devils together, and ascribes the worship given to one to be given to the other: " IIe ordained him priests for the high places, and for the devils, and for the calves which he had made;"^g so that they were sacrifices to devils, notwithstanding the intention of Jeroboam and his subjects that had set them up and worshipped them, because they were con–trary to the mind of God, and agreeable to the doctrine and mind of Satan, though the object of their worship in their own intention were not the devil, but some deified man or some canonized saint. The intention makes not a good action ; if so, when men kill the best servants of God with a design to do God service, as our Saviour foretells,^h the action would not be murder; yet who can call it other–wise, since God is wronged in the persons of his servants? Since most of the worship of the world, which men’s corrupt natures incline them to, is false and different from the revealed will of God, it is a practi–cal acknowledgment of the devil, as the governor, by acknowledging and practising those doctrines, which have not the stamp of divine revelation upon them, but were minted by Satan to depress the honor of God in the world. It doth concern men, then, to take good heed, that in their acts of worship they have a divine rule ; otherwise it is an owning the devil as the rule: for there is no medium; whatsoever is not from God, is from Satan. But to bring this closer to us, and consider that which is more common among us : men that are in a natural condition, and wedded to their lusts, are under the paternal government of Satan (John viii. 44): " Ye are of your father, the devil, and the lusts of your father you will do." If we divide sin into spiritual and carnal, which division comprehends all, the devil’s authority is owned in both; in spiritual, we conform to his example, because those he commits ; in carnal, we obey his will, because those he directs: he acts the one, and sets us a copy; he tempts to the other, and gives us a kind of a precept. Thus man by nature being a willing servant of sin, is more desirous to be bound in the devil’s iron chain, than in God’s silken cords. What greater atheism can there be, than to use God as if he were inferior to the devil ? to take the part of his greatest enemy, who drew all others into the faction against him? to pleasure Satan by offending God, and gratify our adversary with the injury of our Creator? For a subject to take arms against his prince with the deadliest enemy both himself and prince hath in the whole world, adds a greater blackness to the rebellion.

2. The more visible rule preferred before God in the world, is man. The opinion of the world is more our rule than the precept of God; and many men’s abstinence from sin is not from a sense of the Divine will, no, nor from a principle of reason, but from an affection to some man on whom they depend, or fear of punishment from a su–perior ; the same principle with that in a ravenous beast, who ab–stains from what he desires, for fear only of a stick or club. Men will walk with the herds, go in fashion with the most, speak and act as the most do. While we conform to the world, we cannot perform a reasonable service to God, nor prove, nor approve practically what the good and acceptable will of God is; the apostle puts them in opposition to one another.ⁱ This appears,

1. In complying more with the dictates of men, than the will of God. Men draw encouragement from God’s forbearance to sin more freely against him; but the fear of punishment for breaking the will of man lays a restraint upon them. The fear of man is a more pow–erful curb, to restrain men in their duty, than the fear of God; so we may please a friend, a master, a governor, we are regardless whether we please God or no ; men-pleasers are more than God– pleasers ; man is more advanced as a rule, than God, when we sub–mit to human orders, and stagger and dispute against divine. Would not a prince think himself slighted in his authority, if any of his servants should decline his commands, by the order of one of his subjects? And will not God make the same account of us, when we deny or delay our obedience, for fear of one of his creatures? In the fear of man, we as little acknowledge God for our sovereign, as we do for our comforter (Isa. li. 12, 13): "I, even I, am he that com–forteth you; who art thou, that thou shouldst be afraid of a man that shall die," &c. " and forgettest the Lord thy maker?" &c. We put a slight upon God, as if he were not able to bear us out in our duty to him, and incapable to balance the strength of an arm of flesh.

2. In observing that which is materially the will of God, not be–cause it is his will, but the injunctions of men. As the word of God may be received, yet not as his word, so the will of God may be performed, yet not as his will ; it is materially done, but not for–mally obeyed. An action, and obedience in that action, are two things; as when man commands the ceasing from all works of the ordinary calling on the Sabbath, it is the same that God enjoins: the cessation, or attendance of his servants on the hearing of the word, are conformable in the matter of it to the will of God ; but it is only con–formable in the obediential part of the acts to the will of man, when it is done only with respect to a human precept. As God hath a right to enact his laws without consulting his creature in the way of his government, so man is bound to obey those laws, without con–sulting whether they be agreeable to men’s laws or no. If we act the will of God because the will of our superiors concurs with it, we obey not God in that, but man, a human will being the rule of our obedience, and not the divine ; this is to vilify God, and make him inferior to man in our esteem, and a valuing the rule of man above that of our Creator. Since God is the highest perfection and infinitely good, whatsoever rule he gives the creature must be good, else it cannot proceed from God. A base thing cannot be the product of an infinite excellency, and an unreasonable thing cannot be the pro–duct of an infinite wisdom and goodness; therefore, as the respecting God’s will before the will of man is excellent and worthy of a crea–ture, and is an acknowledging the excellency, goodness, and wisdom of God, so the eying the will of man before and above the will of God, is on the contrary, a denial of all those in a lump, and a pre–ferring the wisdom, goodness, and power of man in his law, above all those perfections of God in his. Whatsoever men do that looks like moral virtue or abstinence from vices, not out of obedience to the rule God hath set, but because of custom, necessity, example, or imitation, they may, in the doing of it, be rather said to be apes than Christians.

3. In obeying the will of man when it is contrary to the will of God; as the Israelites willingly " walked after the commandment,"^k not of God, but of Jeroboam in the case of the calves, and " made the king’s heart glad with their lies."^l They cheered him with their ready obedience to his command for idolatry (which was a lie in itself, and a lie in them) against the commandment of God, and the warnings of the prophets, rather than cheer the heart of God with their obedience to his worship instituted by him ; nay, and when God offered them to cure them their wound, their iniquity breaks out afresh ; they would neither have him as a lord to rule them, nor a physician to cure them (Hosea vii. 1): " When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered." The whole Persian nation shrunk at once from a duty due by the light of nature to the Deity, upon a decree that " neither God or man should be petitioned to for thirty days, but only their king ;"^m in one only, Dan–iel, excepted against it, who preferred his homage to God, above obedience to his prince. An adulterous generation is many times made the rule of men’s professions, as is implied in those words of our Saviour (Mark viii. 38): " Whosoever shall be ashamed of me and my words in this adulterous and sinful generation:" own him among his disciples, and be ashamed of him among his enemies. Thus men are said to deny God (Tit. i. 16), when they " attend to Jewish fables and the precepts of men rather than the word of God;" when the decrees or canons of fallible men are valued at a higher rate, and preferred before the writings of the Holy Ghost by his apostles. As man naturally disowns the rule God sets him, and owns any other rule than that of God’s prescribing, so,

Thirdly, He doth this in order to the setting himself up as his own rule; as though our own wills, and not God’s, were the true square and measure of goodness. We make an idol of our own wills, and as much as self is exalted, God is deposed ; the more we esteem our own wills, the more we endeavor to annihilate the will of God ; ac–count nothing of him, the more we account of ourselves, and endeavor to render ourselves his superiors, by exalting our own wills. No prince but would look upon his authority as invaded, his royalty derided, if a subject should resolve to be a law to himself, in oppo–sition to his known will; true piety is to hate ourselves, deny our–selves, and cleave solely to the service of God. To make ourselves our own rule, and the object of our chiefest love, is atheism. If self–denial be the greatest part of godliness, the great letter in the alpha–bet of religion ; self-love is the great letter in the alphabet of practical atheism. Self is the great antichrist and anti-God in the world, that sets up itself above all that is called God ; self-love is the captain of that black band (2 Tim. iii. 2): it sits in the temple of God, and would be adored as God. Self-love begins ; but denying the power of godliness, which is the same with denying the ruling power of God, ends the list. It is so far from bending to the righteous will of the Creator, that it would have the eternal will of God stoop to the humor and unrighteous will of a creature; and this is the ground of the contention between the flesh and spirit in the heart of a re–newed man ; flesh wars for the godhead of self, and spirit fights for the godhead of God; the one would settle the throne of the Creator, and the other maintain a law of covetousness, ambition, envy, lust, in the stead of God. The evidence of this will appear in these propositions :

1. This is natural to man as he is corrupted. What was the venom of the sin of Adam, is naturally derived with his nature to all his posterity. It was not the eating a forbidden apple, or the pleasing his palate that Adam aimed at, or was the chief object of his desirc, but to live independently on his Creator, and be a God to himself (Gen. iii. 5): "You shall be as gods." That which -was the matter of the devil’s temptation, was the incentive of man’s rebellion ; a likeness to God he aspired to in the judgment of God himself, an infallible interpreter of man’s thoughts ;" Behold, man is become as one of us, to know good and evil," in regard of self-sufficiency and being a rule to himself. The Jews understand the ambition of man to reach no further than an equality with the angelical nature ; but Jehovah here understands it in another sense ; God had ordered man by this prohibition not to eat of the fruit of the " tree of knowledge of good and evil;" not to attempt the knowledge of good and evil of himself, but to wait upon the dictates of God; not to trust to his own counsels, but to depend wholly upon him for direction and guidance. Certainly he that would not hold off his hand from so small a thing as an apple, when he had his choice of the fruit of the garden, would not have denied himself anything his appetite had desired, when that principle had prevailed upon him ; he would not have stuck at a greater matter to pleasure himself with the displeas–ing of God, when for so small a thing he would incur the anger of his Creator. Thus would he deify his own understanding against the wisdom of God, and his own appetite against the will of God. This desire of equality with God, a learned manⁿ thinks the apostle intimates (PhiL ii. 6): " Who being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God;" the Son’s being in the form of God, and thinking it no robbery to be equal with God, implies that the robbery of sacrilege committed by our first parents, for which the Son of God humbled himself to the death of the cross, was an attempt to be equal with God, and depend no more upon God’s directions, but his own conduct; which could be no less than an invasion of the throne of God, and endeavor to put himself into a posture to be his mate. Other sins, adultery, theft, &c. could not be committed by him at that time, but he immediately puts forth his hand to usurp the power of his Maker ; this treason is the old Adam in every man. The first Adam contradicted the will of God to set up himself; the second Adam humbled himself, and did nothing but by the command and will of his Father. This principle wherein the venom of the old Adam lies, must be crucified to make way for the throne of the humble and obedient principle of the new Adam, or quickening Spirit; indeed sin in its own nature is nothing else but " a willing according to self, and contrary to the will of God;" lusts are therefore called the wills of the flesh and of the mind.^o As the precepts of God are God’s will, so the violation of these precepts is man’s will ; and thus man usurps a godhead to himself, by giving that honor to his own will which belongs to God, appropriating the right of rule to himself, and denying it to his Creator. That servant that acts according to his own will, with a neglect of his master’s, refuseth the duty of a servant, and invades the right of his master. This self-love and desire of independency on God has been the root of all sin in the world. The great controversy between God and man hath been, whether he or they shall be God ; whether his reason or theirs, his will or theirs, shall be the guiding principle. As grace is the union of the will of God and the will of the creature, so sin is the opposition of the will of self to the will of God; " Leaning to our own understanding," is opposed as a natural evil to " trusting in the Lord,"^p a supernatural grace. Men commonly love what is their own, their own inventions, their own fancies ; therefore the ways of a wicked man are called the " ways of his own heart,"^q and the ways of a superstitious man his own devices (Jer. xviii. 11): " We will walk after our own devices;" we will be a law to ourselves; and what the Psalmist saith of the tongue, Our tongues are our own, who shall control us? is as truly the language of men’s hearts, Our wills are our own, who shall check us?

2. This is evident in the dissatisfaction of men with their own con–sciences when they contradict the desires of self. Conscience is nothing but an actuated or reflex knowledge of a superior power and an equitable law ; a law impressed, and a power above it impressing it. Conscience is not the lawgiver, but the remembrancer to mind us of that law of nature imprinted upon our souls, and actuate the considerations of the duty and penalty, to apply the rule to our acts, and pass judgment upon matter of fact : it is to give the charge, urge the rule, enjoin the practice of those notions of right, as part of our duty and obedience. But man is as much displeased with the directions of conscience, as he is out of love with the accusations and condem–ning sentence of this officer of God: we cannot naturally endure any quick and lively practical thoughts of God and his will, and distaste our own consciences for putting us in mind of it : they therefore "like not to retain God in their knowledge,"^r that is, God in their own consciences ; they would blow it out, as it is the candle of the Lord in them to direct them, and their acknowledgments of God, to secure themselves against the practice of its principles : they would stop all the avenues to any beam of light, and would not suffer a sparkle of divina knowledge to flutter in their minds, in order to set up another directing rule suited to the fleshly appetite : and when they cannot stop the light of it from glaring in their faces, they rebel against it, and cannot endure to abide in its paths.^s He speaks not of those which had the written word, or special revelations ; but only a natural light or traditional, handed from Adam : hence are all the endeavors to still it when it begins to speak, by some carnal pleasures, as Saul’s evil spirit with a fit of music ; or bribe it with some fits of a glavering devotion, when it holds the law of God in its command–ing authority before the mind : they would wipe out all the impres–sions of it when it presses the advancement of God above self, and entertain it with no bett